These were α-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP), a membrane glycoprotein that is expressed in liver and kidney; histone-lysine N-methyltransferase (MLL3), a protein involved in the methylation of Lys-4 of histone H3, a tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation (Cho et al., 2007); voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1), a channel on the outer membrane of mitochondria and plasma membrane (Lawen et al., 2005), which was found downregulated in the DN urinary exosomes, however, its presence in most cell types makes it a non-selective marker of kidney disease in DN. Here, VDAC1 is linked to kidney disorder.