An initial investigation (Sun et al., 2012) was conducted on urine microvesicles obtained by capturing the microvesicles via a monoclonal antibody (AD-1) originally raised versus membrane-bound liver alkaline phosphatase from human liver cancer serum (Cheruvanky et al., 2007) and measuring dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP IV or CD26) activity, an enzyme highly concentrated in the cortex. Here, DPP4 is linked to liver cancer.