Second, IFN-α was found to have indirect anti-tumor effects on AML cells through the 1) activation of natural killer cells and T-cells; 2) by enhancing the antigen-presentation of dendritic cells, and 3) showing a similar effect to that of interleukin-15, which can induce dendritic (DC) cells to become natural killer (NK) cells, thus directly producing cytotoxic effect on AML cells. This evidence concerns the gene IL15 and acute myeloid leukemia.