demonstrated that MWA alone significantly increased the immune response to residual tumor proliferation and metastasis compared to the untreated group, including increased infiltration of effector T cells (CD45+ CD3+ CD8+) and increased secretion of anti-tumor cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (98). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.