MIF and ischemic stroke: Previous studies have demonstrated that ischemic stroke (25, 26), intracerebral hemorrhage (27) and aSAH (17, 18) are associated with acute increases of circulatory MIF levels, which is in line with our observation that serum MIF levels during EPd1−4 (12.2 [8.7–16.4] ng/ml) exceeded the upper limit of 10 ng/ml typically observed in healthy subjects (17, 28).