TNF and Cognitive impairment: After TBI, microglia are activated, the activated microglia secrete a large number of neuroimmune inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), thus exacerbating the inflammatory response and leading to a series of brain injuries, including cognitive impairment, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and brain edema (23, 24).