The top pathways which were enriched in all adult glioma subtypes were pathways enriched for cell cycle, DNA repair, translation, splicing, oncogenic signaling pathways such as RAS pathway, Notch pathway, MHC pathway, PI3K/AKT Signaling, Wnt pathway, SHH pathway (Fig. 5, Supplementary Fig. 5a). Additionally, neurotransmitter pathways, calcium channel, potassium channel opening pathways were up regulated in healthy brain regions compared to pediatric tumors and adult gliomas (Supplementary Fig. 5b). This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and central nervous system cancer.