TNFRSF1B and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Patel et al. (2012) ferreted that the signal tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) in astrocytes in a demyelinating mouse model was able to induce auto-secretion of CXCL12, causing proliferation and differentiation of OPCs and myelin regeneration. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) disease, Zhou et al. (2011) ascertained that IL-9 produced by Th cell subsets could magnify disease progression by inducing astrocytes to secrete CCL20, thereby causing Th17 cells to recruit to brain tissue.