TGFB1 and periodontitis: Similarly, TGF-β not only controls T cell differentiation into regulatory and effector subsets, which is important for the growth and maintenance of immune cells, but it also promotes the production of IL-1, IL-6, as well as TGF-β via inflammatory cells, which helps to the onset of periodontitis (Travis and Sheppard, 2014; Leite et al., 2015).