Heatmap visualization of the top differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each subcluster revealed the genes associated with tumorigenesis and tumor escape from immune surveillance.12,13 Mesenchyme-associated genes, including IGFBP5, TAGLN, COL1A1, and ACTA2, were most abundantly expressed in Epi1; immune-related genes, including LCN2 and DEFB1, were most abundantly expressed in Epi2; and cell cycle genes, including TOP2A and MKI67, were most abundantly expressed in Epi5 (Supplementary Fig. 2a). Here, LCN2 is linked to neoplasm.