Demographic information, underlying/comorbid diseases, history of hospitalization, infection and invasive procedures within the past 3 months, use of steroids, immunosuppressants, and/or antimicrobials within the past 3 months, whether acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) [15] and its complications occurred in addition to the main laboratory test indicators (liver function, blood routine, coagulation function, CRP and PCT) during hospitalization were compared between the colonization group and non-colonization group, as shown in Table 1. Here, CRP is linked to chronic liver failure.