The second major functional class identified by our study was ‘Metabolism.’ This is expected as β-cells are highly metabolically active and hyperglycemia has previously been shown to alter the expression of genes involved in multiple metabolic pathways from normal β-cell glucose metabolism.26,49–52 There were also several pathways upregulated by HG involved in gene expression (involving PGCA1 and RNA polymerase III) as well as overall RNA and protein metabolism. The gene discussed is GDF15; the disease is Hyperglycemia.