Other coculture studies demonstrated that CAFs secreted SDF1 alpha to recruit neutrophils, monocytes, or dendritic cells by interacting with their surface C-X-C chemokine receptor type (CXCR) 4.105, 106, 107 IL-6 is additionally released from CAFs and stimulates the JAK/STAT3 pathway in these immune cells, potentiating their differentiation into immunosuppressive subtypes, which in turn represses T-cell proliferation and antitumor activity.105, 106, 107 These early in vitro studies provided insights into the immunomodulatory roles of CAFs in liver cancer. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and liver cancer.