,79,82,83 Various CAF-derived mediators, including CCL2, CCL7, CXCL16, IL-6, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, heparin-binding endothelial growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor, and periostin, have been shown to encourage the invasion of HCC or CCA cells in coculture models, but their prometastatic roles have yet to be validated in vivo.35 This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and hepatocellular carcinoma.