LPA and aortic valve calcification: In addition, large genetic and epidemiological studies have indicated that higher levels of Lp(a) is a causal risk factor for myocardial infarction [2], coronary disease [4], atherosclerosis stenosis [88], aortic-valve calcification and aortic valve stenosis [3, 5, 89], which some mechanisms related to these diseases might mediate the association of higher Lp(a) levels and increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality.