Recent reports revealed that exosome therapy profoundly augmented the proliferating ability of colon mucosa epithelial cells and concomitantly reduced the expression of ubiquitin and its related molecules, NEDD8 activating enzyme E1 (NAe1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2M (UBE2M), and ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 3 (Uba3), in the colon tissues and spleens of DSS-induced IBD mice [28]. Here, UBA3 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.