Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA, Supplementary Fig. 2f) of p16-3MR+GCV GBMs compared with WT+GCV GBMs revealed an upregulation of cell cycle components (E2F targets), a downregulation of pathways involved in cancer (Notch signaling, mTORC1 signaling, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis), and modulation of the immune system (TNFA signaling via NFKB, Interferon responses, Il2-Stat5 signaling). Here, IL2 is linked to cancer.