CSF2 and Alzheimer disease: Despite being a pro-inflammatory cytokine, GM-CSF has been shown to induce wound healing and reduced lesion volume after TBI (Shultz et al., 2014), attenuated neurodegeneration in a model of Parkinson’s disease (Kosloski et al., 2013), and has been recently shown to improve spatial memory in a model of Alzheimer’s disease (Potter et al., 2021).