BRAF and differentiated thyroid carcinoma: For example, BRAF (v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1) mutations, RAS (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) mutations and RET (Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret) rearrangements are common genetic alternations in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC); GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating) gene mutations happens in sporadic pituitary adenomas while MEN1 (menin 1) and AIP (aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein) mutations in family isolated pituitary adenoma (230, 231).