GAPDH and fragile X syndrome: Quantified comparisons normalized to GAPDH (p < 0.0001, ANOVA) show an increase in Csw levels in dfmr1 nulls (1.55 ± 0.13) compared to controls (0.99 ± 0.029), which reveals a highly significant increase in the FXS disease model (p = 0.0008, Tukey’s, Fig 6C).