CXCR4 and breast carcinoma: In line with these findings, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells infiltrated into the bone marrow have been shown to upregulate the expression of Src kinases and upregulate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB, also named AKT) pathway, as a mechanism of survival in response to stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) and tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 (TNFSF10, also named TRAIL), which are highly expressed in the bone microenvironment [50].