TNF and hypertensive disorder: Our results indicated that immune cells, such as T cells, natural killer (NK) cells,and macrophages, and the cytokines released such as TNF-α, IFN-γ in the maternal circulation and at the maternal-fetal interface would influence the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and we need further investigate the role of individual immune cells and translational studies to provide new therapeutic perspectives to mitigate adverse perinatal outcomes due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.