In addition, cytokines that are produced by microglia such as interferon alpha (IFNα; Bi et al., 2016), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα; Connor et al., 1998), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β; Connor et al., 1998; Swiergiel and Dunn, 2007) generate abnormal fear responses or anxiety-like behaviors. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Anxiety.