In addition, SPA reduced the levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, and C-reactive protein (CRP), indicating that SPA demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the mRNA levels of inflammatory genes and restoring NF-κB and inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) (key mediators of inflammatory genes), resulting in improvement of the inflammatory response of PCOS mice (Moshfegh et al., 2022). Here, IL1B is linked to polycystic ovary syndrome.