GDF15 and Alzheimer disease: Therefore, we took advantage of DFs cultures from 11 ND (3 from young subjects, age range 25–34 years, and 8 from old subjects, age range 73–78 years) and 3 AD patients (age range 75–79 years) to evaluate the levels of GDF15 and the effects of its modulation on IL-6 and mitochondrial complexes expression.