TNF and neurodegenerative disease: Microglia are attracted by a breach in the BBB, and its activation cause increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-1b, as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression level (Wang et al., 2015; Kang et al., 2020) leading to neuroinflammation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases (Takata et al., 2021).