CCL4 and ulcerative colitis: Previously in colon biopsies from patients affected by ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, bromelain in vitro experiments resulted in diminished amounts of IL-2, IL-6, IL-4, G-CSF, Gm-CSF, IFN-γ, CCL4/macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)-1β, and TNF, implying a role in inflamed colon against pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (131).