Broadly, this pattern of tumor immune gene expression, in conjunction with the CD3 immunolabeling results, suggests that the canine OSCC microenvironment is highly inflamed and primarily characterized by the presence of a pre-existing anti-tumor immune response dominated by cytotoxic\effector T cells and NK cells, as evidenced by increased expression of CD8a, GZMA, OX40, and HLA-A. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.