TNF and neoplasm: Activated CD8+ cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CTLs) produce killing cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), perforin, and granzyme B, which target the tumor cells and trigger apoptosis.[29, 30] The levels of these secreted cytokines were measured using flow cytometry to verify whether LAA could induce T cell activation in the co‐culture system.