ESM1 and gestational diabetes: Although a specific angiogenic role for ESM1 in the placenta is not known, it could be involved in spiral artery remodeling and its expression levels have been associated with numerous adverse pregnancy outcomes including preeclampsia and gestational diabetes (Chang et al. 2015; Hentschke et al. 2015; Murthi et al. 2016; Cross et al. 2022).