VEGFA and neoplasm: The endogenous factors are related to the GBM tumor cells [5] and include low tumor mutation burden (TMB) [6], extensive intra-tumoral heterogeneity [7], and a tumor microenvironment (TME) that inhibits the recruitment and function of T cells, such as through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, VEGF, and interleukin production.