Moreover, cTh17 cells, cTfh2 cells, cTfh17 cells, Tph cells, and CD8+ Treg cells were significantly increased, and cTh1 cells and memory Treg cells were significantly decreased and in patients with RA compared HCs from both Tsukuba and Karuizawa, and there was no difference between Tsukuba and Karuizawa regarding the fluctuations of the proportions of these cells (Fig. 1). The gene discussed is TPH1; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.