Concordant with our Calu-3 results, virus recovered from infections of primary human airway epithelial (HAE) cells, treated with IFNγ to up-regulate GBP2/5, showed a significant loss of infectivity of VIC and Omicron, but not Alpha and Delta viruses, despite all VOCs showing similar infection levels in HAE (Fig. 1 K–M and SI Appendix, Fig. S4C). Here, IFNG is linked to infection.