These findings are consistent with those of previous studies on gastrointestinal cancers29,30 and other cancers.8,9,10,31 Of note, TLS3 with a germinal center had the largest weights in our TLS scoring, suggesting that mature TLSs may play the most important role in antitumor immune response, as shown in previous studies.4,5,6,7 By contrast, the density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, which may be associated with lymphocyte aggregates (eg, TLS1), did not have an independent prognostic association after adjusting for TLS score. This evidence concerns the gene C9orf78 and neoplasm.