SPP1 and atherosclerosis: RELMβ stimulates the migration and proliferation of VSMCs, and causes phenotypic modulation by downregulating the expressions of α-SMA, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) and calponin, and upregulating the expression of osteopontin (OPN) upon high glucose treatment, thereby inducing the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis [62].