In severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) rats, over-expression of RELMα augments inflammatory activity by inducing the activation of protein kinase B (Akt), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), p38 MAPK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in lung tissue, and promoting the release of inflammatory cytokines such as serum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and C-reactive protein (CRP), which aggravate acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury (APALI) [40]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and acute pancreatitis.