While both high-fat high-cholesterol diet (HFHC) feeding for 28 weeks and MCD feeding for 6 weeks result in NASH with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis28, MCD feeding evoked a sufficiently potent activation of eIF2α signalling to induce the protein and mRNA expression of ATF3 and RIPK3, as in hepatectomised HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, but not with HFHC feeding (Fig. 8a, b). This evidence concerns the gene ATF3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.