TNF and Cognitive impairment: Subsequently, long-term inflammation could damage the blood-brain barrier, and some inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) can cross the blood-brain barrier elevating neuroinflammation, thus leading to cognitive impairment (Engelhart et al., 2004; Heneka et al., 2015; d'Avila et al., 2018; Godos et al., 2020).