TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Subsequently, we investigated the effects of acute intake of four different concentrations of butyrate and hexanoate in Akovita SCT on our primary outcome parameter, plasma butyrate and hexanoate availability, and on several secondary outcomes including circulating metabolites (glucose, triglycerides, and FFA), hormones (insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)), cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ)), appetite, and hydrogen (H2) in breath, during postprandial conditions in men with overweight/obesity.