TNF and colonic neoplasm: In addition, we investigated the relevant pathways that have been documented to regulate the growth and apoptosis of colon cancer cells (Supplementary Figure 1), including the TNF signaling pathway (ko04668), NF-κB signaling pathway (ko04064), MAPK signaling pathway (ko04010), microRNAs in cancer (ko05206), and transcriptional misregulation in cancer (ko05202).