MAPK8 and lung carcinoma: Similarly, CD55 has been shown to be elevated in many cancers, including in human lung cancer (47), and has been previously shown to promote tumorigenesis by increasing cell survival and proliferation pathways independent of the complement pathway, by leading to activation of pathways including, but not limited to SRC, NF-κB, MAPK, JNK, and JAK/STAT (48).