TNF and neoplasm: Numerous studies have shown that macrophages are key mediators of tissue homeostasis, which can regulate the degree of tumor growth and enable tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) level and high expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which can inhibit tumor growth; make the pro-inflammatory factors interleukin-10 (IL-10) and arginase-1 (AGR1) play a role in promoting role in tumor growth (44).