NFKB1 and heart failure: Similarly, another study showed that in an ischemia-induced mouse heart failure model, sEVs derived from BMMSCs improved cardiac function by inhibiting NF-κB signaling, a transcription factor for cytokine release, and miR-129-5p carried by sEVs was proven to target tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), which subsequently regulates NF-kB (Yan et al., 2022).