One previous study reported an increase of proinflammatory cytokines, Th1 cytokines, and chemokines, but not Th2 cytokines, in the plasma and urine of patients with DN as compared to T2DM patients without nephropathy, followed by a positive correlation between plasma IFN-γ, proteinuria, and GFR in the T2DM patients with DN (24). The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.