Prolactin can protect β-cells from ER stress through the JAK2/STAT5 pathway (20), transcription factors such as GLIS3 can enhance INS gene expression (21), rapamycin can improve diabetes and further down-regulate β-cell apoptosis (22), and induced pluripotent stem cells can promote β-cell regeneration (23). Here, GLIS3 is linked to diabetes mellitus.