TNF and neoplasm: 2) Secretion of a variety of cytokines: by secreting cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, etc., it can not only directly inhibit tumor growth, but also promote the maturation of dendritic cells and enhance natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity (Maniar et al., 2010; McCarthy et al., 2013).