Eight genes (SLC3A2, DARS2, DIP2C, PLOD1, RUNX2, ABCC9, AHNAK, and CLIC3) may be involved in the malignant transformation of tumours, and three genes (CHMP4C, POU5F1, and RAD9A) may have a protective effect in patients with tumours (Figure 6A). Here, RAD9A is linked to neoplasm.