Among the enriched signal transduction pathways, we highlighted TNF signaling genes, such as X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis (XIAP), an inhibitor of apoptosis Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 3(BIRC3), MAP Kinase Activating Death Domain (MADD), and UBC exclusively DE mRNAs in Li-infected macrophages, and DE mRNAs shared by all the three Leishmania species infection, as TNF, TNF Receptor Associated Factor 1 (TRAF1) and TNF Alpha Induced Protein 3 (TNFAIP3) (Figure 3D). The gene discussed is UBC; the disease is infection.