We utilized the GEPIA database to analyse the expression levels of RNF169 in normal and tumour tissues from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and TCGA and found that there was a significant increase in RNF169 expression in cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL), acute myeloid leukemia (LAML), brain lower grade glioma (LGG), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) tissues compared with normal tissues (Figures 1A–E). Here, RNF169 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.