SPEG and COVID-19: In terms of VSMCs, although aggregating all single cells by patient group increased the differences of SPEG expression observed between COVID-19 males and either of healthy males and healthy females (both p values = 2.2e-15), there are few VSMC cells expressing SPEG among all these individual samples and no significant difference in terms of SPEG expression in VSMCs found between females and males of COVID-19.