Increased airway GM-CSF expression and secretion in infected mice conferred a survival advantage in influenza-induced ARDS, attributed in part to the transition of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages to the pro-healing M2 phenotype facilitated by GM-CSF (a similar transition discussed in Wound healing and risk of GM-CSF deficiency) (167). Here, CSF2 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.