TSPAN4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Deng et al. (2021) reported that TSPAN4 expression increased, enhancing proliferation and invasion in gastric cancer tissues (Qi et al., 2018). High TSPAN4 and ELAVL2 expression levels were independent risk factors for poor chemotherapy response in ESCC patients (Zhao et al., 2019). A TSPAN4-CD151 fusion gene was highly expressed in a pediatric infratentorial anaplastic ependymoma (Olsen et al., 2016). In addition, TSPAN4 was one of the top hub genes in patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes (Ye et al., 2020).