Although this pathway was initially described following infection by gram-negative bacteria via lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the metabolic pathway of caspase-4/11 and GSDMD is also described in many pathologies with an inflammatory component, notably diabetes (Cheng et al., 2021) but also pulmonary arterial hypertension (Wu et al., 2022) or atherosclerosis (Jiang et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene CASP4 and infection.